Wednesday, February 8, 2012

copy and paste, gizzka.blogspot.com


copy and paste
a blog managed by gizzka. This blog was given the title of copi and paste, with a description of education, religious, health, science, tips and tricks, lifestyle, internet.
This blog is named by gizzka copy and paste, because the majority of the contents of the copy and paste.
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Tuesday, February 7, 2012

my attractions for my beloved

my attractions

my attractions

my attractions

my attractions

my attractions

my attractions

my attractions
behold, with open eyes
so you see, of what is created is so beautiful
taste, so you feel what they call a happy
special for you my beloved................



tips to maximize consumer shopping




 tips to maximize consumer shopping

These tips for the marketing department. For how to maximize merchandise. Today's economic problems become major obstacles in maximizing marketing. And here gizzka try to solve marketing problems by maximizing consumer shopping.
hopefully tips to maximize consumer shopping can improve your marketing.

The following tips to maximize consumer shopping


Small businesses are now in the difficult-difficult, as the declining economic movement that has affected consumer spending behavior.
The consumer has a few things that can be predicted with respect to their behavior before the economic downturn it. However, the economy has been increasingly drawn to the consumer to be very careful in the shop.
There are so many decisions are made about money to be spent on consumers, and even details the purchase of what will be done. They also put off buying a lot of stuff to keep their budgets in balance. Raise the cost of fuel and food will add to pressure on the consumer wallet. To address this behavior, many small businesses that have reduced the number of products they stock and slowly raise the price. Try going a factory and read a part of the business of any kind of paper as evidence that prices are now rising and the supply of goods has been reduced.
The retailer now must have a keen eye on consumers to ensure that products and their store layout is optimal. Continue to increase promotion of their goods in order to increase consumer buying interest. The key difference here is to provide objective guidance from consumer spending. Here are a few of his tips:
* Through the grocery store and other shops, the purpose of the shop itself is usually to fill the empty stock. Therefore, it can provide the advantage of examining the high level of the average consumer shopping done.
* Through a product for "one dollar" for example, shopping trips that will quickly stop in the search for needed items. Shops that install this promo, gained great appeal in connection with a convenient location and make it easier for consumers to make the shopping trip becomes shorter, saving fuel and time.
* Many fast food restaurants from serving benefit package worth one dollar menu that can attract consumers tend to increase when consumer purchases are entered into the restaurant.
This was the beginning of the year. So make sure that you have selected a product, right price and promotions to attract consumers to slightly deviate from their shopping destination when they arrive at their destination first. Remember that in the current economy, consumer confidence is paramount.
As a small businessman, it's up to you how to develop an environment that allows consumers to slightly loose on their finances and spend a little more to shop.
good luck with tips to maximize consumer shopping

to see my other tips, click here!!

my other post



attractions Jerusalem: the holy city for three religions



attractions Jerusalem: the holy city for three religions

attractions Jerusalem: the holy city for three religions
Jerusalem attractions is a very powerful experience. Because Jerusalem is the holy city to three religions namely Islam, Christianity, and Jews. here we will explain a little bit about the history of the city of Jerusalem, Jerusalem as well as on the influence of the most important part of the history of world civilization.
  City of Jerusalem, a beautiful old town charm. The city of Jerusalem also save a lot of evidence about past civilizations. If you are attractions to Jerusalem, your attractions will make you know one of the most important place in human history.


Shalom in Hebrew means peace Jews. That word of welcome and farewell to her in Israel. The author had the opportunity to visit some important places in the Old City of Jerusalem. Which is a city of three religions conflict of interest over time.
The town is full of controversy. Also the opportunity to visit even if you do not always have to plan ahead. This relates to the political escalation that occurred in this city. So spattered little brawl between ethnic, your visit will be canceled. Or one of three places of worship of Christianity, Judaism and Islam closed to the public and even to his own people for the sake of security.
The authors have also been a small incident at the Masjid al Aqsa, so there are restrictions for attractions not to visit a Muslim mosque. Only open to local residents.
attractions Jerusalem: the holy city for three religions
Jerusalem, which means The Holy (The Saints) and a population of over 747 000 people is the largest city in Israel, both in population and area. The city is also divided into two parts, the Old Town and New Town. Actually the two are not separate, Old Town is a city within a city, like the Vatican in Rome. New town centers where government and modernization.
In the Old City is surrounded by high walls like the ancient Roman cities. This wall has a function as a defense of the city from enemy attack. Height of the wall is also made very sturdy and even have a stone that weighs 100 tons, the wall height ranges from 5-15 meters, with 43 watchtowers at important points such as entrances and at each corner.
Old Town which covers 0.9 square miles that is visible from a distance the Mount of Olives like a fortress. The author is more appropriate because of the hill called Mount Olive real name, unlike its height is only 812 meter Mt. Mount of Olives or Har Ha Zaitim Hebrewnya language or Arabic Jebel az-Zeitun. Mount of Olives is associated with the Christian and Jewish tradition, as many past events that are written in the Gospel and the Jewish Hebrew Bible book is going on here.
Exactly on the slopes of these hills is the largest Jewish graveyard in the world, with approximately 150,000 graves. Trusted by them if they want to go to heaven must be buried in Jerusalem near Mount Olive. This is our first stop after an hour's drive from the port of Ashdod, Israel.


One of the gates into the Old City of Jerusalem. (MANUH / THE EPOCH TIMES)
To enter the Old City, the attractions will start from the Gate of Jaffa (Jaffa Gate) in the western part of the city center, where there are eleven entrances but partially closed, only seven gates are opened. These gates are closed at sunset and opened again at sunrise.
attractions Jerusalem: the holy city for three religions
The existence of this conflict-prone, it looks very striking in the presence of armed police officers and soldiers in every corner of the city. This is understandable because Israel and its people have great interest in the field of attractions. Security is the main thing that attractions and pilgrims can still be visited. Jerusalem is the main lure of the principal Moslems, Christians and Jews from around the world to be able to perform the congregational worship here.
Small alleys like a gang, but a neat story of limestone rocks is a typical old city. Almost all the buildings using stone as the stone walls of palimanan in West Java.
Very long history of Jerusalem, before the conquest by King David, Jerusalem is home to ethnic Jebusites. Then given the name City of David, son of King Solomon's construction of the city walls expand.
Then the glory of the Islamic Arab Empire controlled Jerusalem in the 7th century, under the leadership of Caliph Umar Ibn al-Khattab.
In 1099 Jerusalem occupied by the Western Christian soldiers, 88 years later, in 1187 the Arab Muslim leader Saladin control of Jerusalem again, and allowed the Jews to settle in this city.
Throughout its history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and held back 44 times. The existing wall was built in 1538 at the time of the Muslim Ottoman Empire under Sultan Suleiman the Great. The wall extends along 4.5 km with a height of 5-15 meters. With a thickness of 3 meters. Which there are 43 watch towers.
Jerusalem is now under the government of Israel since the Six-Day War in 1967, when Jordan lost the war and had to hand over all of Jerusalem. The uniqueness of Jerusalem is only one square kilometer is the division of this region into four ethnic regions. Muslim population of the region, Armenian, Jewish and Christian. However, not all citizens of one religion only. As in the Muslim region there are 60 Jewish families living there. The main role of Jerusalem for the three religions have deep roots.


The atmosphere of the old town hall street in Jerusalem. (MANUH / THE EPOCH TIMES)
The religion of Islam has become the third holiest place after Mecca and Medina. Believed the Prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven from the 'Temple Mount'. To remember this place is here built the Al Aqsa mosque (the farthest mosque), and the mosques 'Dome of the Rock', where he climbed the flight of stone Buraq.
Western Wall or Wailing Wall or the Wailing Wall is open Synagog for Jews, is their holy place, so does the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, an historic church where it is believed Jesus was crucified and buried here. This church is a pilgrimage place since the 4th century to the present.
As a attractions area, a variety of magnetic cindramata, scarf, cap and small cap typical of Jews were also sold to the attractions. Places visited by thousands of pilgrims and attractions, on the one side has come lose the sanctity of Jerusalem. Because these two types of visitors have different goals; pilgrims to perform religious rituals, while the attractions just want to know, have fun and capture the media and get a souvenir photo.
For the sake of attention, then for every visitor either pilgrims or attractions will be certificated 'Jerusalem Pilgrim' which was signed by the Mayor of Jerusalem and the Israel Ministry of attractions

attractions Jerusalem: the holy city for three religions
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my other tourism click here!!

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TIPS Caring For Combination Skin


TIPS Caring For Combination Skin

If your face is partly oily and partly dry, you have got combination skin and there are several ways to care for it so that you can keep both types balanced and looking good.
Use a mild cleanser on your entire face up to twice a day.
Use a good moisturizer on the dry areas. - Moisturizers work by either increasing the penetration of water into the skin or by reducing the rate at which water is evaporating from the skin surface.
Look for products that normalize your skin, such as those that contain alpha hydroxy acids - Alpha hydroxy acids are derived from fruit, milk and sugar cane and have anti-inflammatory properties. When applied to the skin they help remove dead skin cells (exfoliate), giving us a younger appearance.
Use oil-absorbing makeup on oily areas to control shine.
Use a sunscreen, minimum SPF 15
Caring For Combination Skin
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for more tips click here!!


Shown Beautiful But Still Saving is the desire of all womenTips Cleaning the face with a short right -


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Shown Beautiful But Still Saving is the desire of all women



Shown Beautiful But Still Saving is the desire of all women
Shown Beautiful But Still Saving is the desire of all women. and now we offer tips to Appear Beautiful But Still Save. Please study it carefully Shown Beautiful But Still save, so you can understand very well to Appear Beautiful But Still Save.

Want to look beautiful is not always expensive. One of them by choosing the right cosmetics.
Pretty frugal tips:
Storing and using cosmetics, make-up Clean equipment, Cosmetic multifunctional, the right color choices, use the sample products, Compare prices of cosmetics, treatments alone

To look beautiful, sometimes you have to spend money. To buy cosmetic products for skin care, hair or makeup. The cost involved is not small considering the price of an expensive cosmetic products. Actually you can save on your expenses for this field. How not to spend lots of money but can still look beautiful?

Storing and use of cosmetic products properly


Cosmetic products do have expiry age cosmetics. But, if you're not really in the store, the cosmetic damage that could be characterized by discolored or smelly, but it should not yet expired.


Therefore, cosmetics must be stored and used properly. Some things to note in this regard include:

Close tightly after use and the packaging in a cool place. Packaging that is open, although only a few can make the incoming air and bacteria in it multiply and cause cosmetic damage.
Use tools such as brush or sponge while using your cosmetics.
Clean your face and make sure it is dry when going to apply makeup. Water or perspiration can lead to mildew if you stick to cosmetic products.
Make sure hands are clean and dry when it should touch the cosmetic product.


Clean equipment make up


Make-up equipment commonly used as a brush or sponge should be cleaned regularly so as not to be a hotbed of bacteria that can switch on your cosmetic products on the skin or causing problems.

To clean a brush, you can use warm water and baby shampoo. The trick is to wet the brush and tap-tap the brush with the palm of the hand that had previously been given a bit of baby shampoo. After that, rinse with warm water and pat dry with paper towels or a towel and allow to dry naturally. Another way is to soak the brush in a glass of warm water and stir the water in a glass with a brush before the brush to dissolve dirt.

For the sponge, wash by immersion in warm water for 5-10 minutes. Squeeze to dry. Do it repeatedly until the dirt on the sponge is missing. Then dry sponge with aerated.

 Use multifunctional cosmetic products


Cosmetic products have not been exhausted, but sometimes you get bored with the color or feel it's not a trend anymore. One solution is to buy a multifunctional cosmetic products. For example, at the same time blush lipstick, eyeliner and mascara, eyeshadow and shimmer. In addition to saving as only need to buy a product, cosmetics will also be out faster because it is often used.

 Choose basic colors


For decorative cosmetics such as lipstick, eyeshadow or blush on, choose basic colors like brown, gold or red brick. These colors tend to be always used and is not affected by the trend. If you want to get bored with these colors, try to blend the colors that exist in order to get a new color.

 Try a product sample


Want to try the colors of the trend? Try first to buy the product samples are usually small. Colors are usually short-lived trend.

You should also buy product samples in advance if you want to try new products. A product may not be suitable in your skin. By trying product samples, you will not feel hurt when the product was not compatible with your skin.

 Not having to use expensive cosmetics


In order to get the most out of makeup, does not mean having to use expensive cosmetics. The high price of a cosmetic product is usually because the product is imported, the cost of research to produce a product, or the presence of additional ingredients such as fragrances or softeners. So, do not mean that cheap products are not good. For example, for clinical trials using products imported from the country of origin of respondents who do not necessarily have the same skin type with users from Indonesia.

You can also check the content in cosmetic products. Sometimes the content is almost the same but it is much different. Observant in this regard can save on your expenses.

 Perform self-care at home


Cream bath, scrubs, or a mask is a treatment that can be done alone at home. So it need not always be done in the salon. By buying products that are available on the market can save on your expenses for the salon.

Can also perform these activities on the weekends with friends or family. You can take turns doing this, you are massaged with a gulp, after berarit now your turn to cleaning face. In addition to save money, your relationship will grow closer and be able to do fun activities together.

One important thing if you want pretty frugal is not easily tempted by the lure of beauty or the waitress at the counter of the affected advertisement. Careful and take care of your cosmetic bag can keep you that are not easily drained but still look beautiful.

Shown Beautiful But Still Saving is the desire of all women


underarsip: copypaste



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Tips Cleaning the face with a short right


Cleaning the face of these tips teach you how to clean the face properly.
Tips Cleaning the face with a short right
Perfect start with a clean facial appearance begins with cleansing the right way.
a clean face will make you more confident.
Here's how to clean your face properly.
Having a clean face in addition to the overall look is also good for health. How to clean your face? Here are tips on cleaning the face.

Wash hands
so that the dirt on the palm of your hand can be removed. Dirty hands get dirty even make a face.
Wash your face with warm water.
 This helps make pores open so that dirt can be better spent. Then dry with a towel.
Use a facial cleanser and use it to form a circumferential direction on the face. Leave it for a moment, about 1 minute, then dry with a towel or tissue.
After the cleaners cleaning the face, use cold water to wash his face. The goal for facial pores closed again.
The final step in cleaning is to use a facial toner. Cotton that has been moistened and then tap on toner-pat in the face.
It was not difficult to clean the face. But sometimes feeling lazy that attack or a less effective way to clean the face is not perfect, and eventually occupied pimples or blackheads. However, by taking a little time, you can find out cleansing techniques.

Tips Cleaning the face with a short right
under arsip: copypaste

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  10. visiting a tourist with the most amazing natural phenomena in the world



Paradigma, Tujuan dan Kurikulum Sistem Pendidikan Islam


Makalah Agama kali ini bertema Paradigma, Tujuan dan Kurikulum Sistem Pendidikan Islam, makalah ini bisa digunakan sebagai contoh pidato, Contoh khutbah jumat, atau sebagai contoh pidato untuk acara apapun bahkan bisa anda gunakan untuk memperdalam ilmu agama anda.
Makalah Agama ini menjelaskan secara singkat tentang Paradigma, Tujuan dan Kurikulum Sistem Pendidikan Islam, bahkan menjelaskan tentang Tsaqâfah Islam, pengaruh Guru dan Evaluasi Pendidikan Islam, hungannya dengan Negara Sebagai Penyelenggara, dana sarana dan prasarana pendidikan islam, bahkan tentang Seputar Perlindungan Hak Cipta.
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Paradigma Sistem Pendidikan Islam


Dalam kerangka membangun kepribadian (character building) dan sikap-mentalitas masyarakat suatu negara, keberadaaan ideologi sebagai asas dan landasan sebagai fakta yang tidak dapat ditolak. Ideologi merupakan way of life; berfungsi sebagai unifying force dan driving integrating motive yang memberikan nilai dasar (basic values) kehidupan masyarakat dan negara.

Sistem pendidikan yang ditegakkan berdasarkan ideologi sekularisme-kapitalisme atau sosialisme-komunisme berkeinginan mewujudkan struktur masyarakat sekular-kapitalis atau sosialis-komunis. Sebaliknya, sistem pendidikan yang berbasiskan ideologi Islam berkehendak untuk membangun struktur masyarakat Islam, yang tentu saja akan berbeda dengan dua sistem ideologi di atas.


Berkenaan dengan hal itu, pemahaman terhadap karakter sebuah ideologi merupakan langkah awal dan mendasar ketika membicarakan sistem pendidikan. Ketidakpahaman terhadap basis sistem pendidikan dan karakteristik manusia yang hendak dibentuknya hanya akan membuat program-program pendidikan sebagai sarana trial and error dan menjadikan peserta didik bagai kelinci percobaan. Dalam masyarakat yang bertumpu pada ideologi sekularisme-kapitalisme, misalnya, sistem pendidikan hanya akan menghasilkan sumberdaya manusia (peserta didik) yang berpikir profit oriented dan menjadi economic animal. Penanaman ideologi sekular (pemisahan agama dan kehidupan) telah mendorong masyarakat mengambil keputusan untuk menyimpan nilai-nilai agamanya dalam suatu benteng yang tidak berjendela dan berpintu. Mereka menutup tempat tersebut dan memandangnya sebagai suatu tradisi yang sudah menjadi endapan dan bagian masa lalu. Manusia mengalami kehampaan nilai dan keterbauran, disfungsionalisasi, ketidakutuhan (desintegratedness), ketelantaran, sekaligus keterpurukan.

Tujuan Pendidikan dalam Islam

Pendidikan dalam Islam adalah upaya sadar, terstruktur, terprogram, dan sistematis dalam rangka membentuk manusia yang memiliki:
(1) Kepribadian Islam;
(2) Menguasai pemikiran Islam dengan handal;
(3) Menguasai ilmu-ilmu terapan (pengetahuan, ilmu, dan teknologi/PITEK);
(4) Memiliki ketrampilan yang tepat guna dan berdaya guna.

Pembentukan kepribadian Islam harus dilakukan pada semua jenjang pendidikan yang sesuai dengan proporsinya melalui berbagai pendekatan. Salah satu di antaranya adalah dengan menyampaikan pemikiran Islam kepada para siswa. Pada tingkat TK-SD materi kepribadian Islam yang diberikan adalah materi dasar karena mereka berada pada jenjang usia menuju balig. Artinya, mereka lebih banyak diberikan materi yang bersifat pengenalan keimanan.

Barulah setelah mencapai usia baligh, yaitu SMP, SMU, dan PT materi yang diberikan bersifat lanjutan (pembentukan, peningkatan, dan pematangan). Hal ini dimaksudkan untuk memelihara sekaligus meningkatkan keimanan serta keterikatannya dengan syariat islam. Indikatornya adalah bahwa anak didik dengan kesadaran yang dimilikinya telah berhasil melaksanakan seluruh kewajiban dan mampu menghindari segala tindak kemaksiatan kepada Allah Swt.

Tsaqâfah Islam

Tsaqâfah (pemikiran) Islam adalah ilmu-ilmu yang dikembangkan berdasarkan akidah Islam yang sekaligus menjadi sumber peradaban Islam. Muatan inti yang kedua ini diberikan pada seluruh jenjang pendidikan sesuai dengan proporsi yang telah ditetapkan. Pemberian materi tsaqâfah Islam sebagaimana dikemukakan di atas diberikan secara bertahap disesuaikan dengan kemampuan dan daya serap peserta didik dari TK sampai PT.

Kurikulum Pendidikan Islam


Kurikulum dibangun berlandaskan akidah Islam sehingga setiap pelajaran dan metodologinya disusun selaras dengan asas itu. Konsekuensinya, waktu pelajaran untuk memahami tsaqâfah Islam dan nilai-nilai yang terdapat di dalamnya mendapat porsi yang besar, tentu saja harus disesuaikan dengan waktu bagi ilmu-ilmu lainnya. Ilmu-ilmu terapan diajarkan sesuai dengan tingkat kebutuhan dan tidak terikat dengan jenjang pendidikan tertentu (formal). Di tingkat perguruan tinggi (PT), kebudayaan asing dapat disampaikan secara utuh. Misalnya, materi tentang ideologi sosialisme-komunisme atau kapitalisme-sekularisme dapat disampaikan kepada kaum Muslim setelah mereka memahami Islam secara utuh. Materi ideologi selain Islam dan konsepsi-konsepsi lainnya disampaikan bukan bertujuan untuk dilaksanakan, melainkan untuk dijelaskan cacat-celanya dan ketidaksesuaiannya dengan fitrah manusia.

Secara struktural, kurikulum pendidikan Islam dijabarkan dalam tiga komponen materi pendidikan utama, yang sekaligus menjadi karakteristiknya, yaitu:
(1) pembentukan kepribadian Islami);
(2) penguasaan tsaqâfah Islam;
(3) penguasaan ilmu kehidupan (PITEK, keahlian, dan ketrampilan).

Guru dan Evaluasi Pendidikan Islam

Dalam proses pendidikan keberadaan peranan guru menjadi sangat penting; bukan saja sebagai penyampai materi pelajaran (tranfer of knowledge), tetapi sebagai pembimbing dalam memberikan keteladan (uswah) yang baik (transfer of values). Guru harus memiliki kekuatan akhlak yang baik agar menjadi panutan sekaligus profesional. Agar profesional, guru harus mendapatkan:
(a) mengayakan guru dari sisi metodologi;
(b) sarana dan prasarana yang memadai;
(c) jaminan kesejahteraan sebagai tenaga profesional.


Negara Sebagai Penyelenggara

Dalam Islam, negaralah yang berkewajiban untuk mengatur segala aspek yang berkenaan dengan sistem pendidikan yang diterapkan, bukan hanya persoalan yang berkaitan dengan kurikulum, akreditasi sekolah/PT, metode pengajaran, dan bahan-bahan ajarnya, tetapi juga mengupayakan agar pendidikan dapat diperoleh rakyat secara mudah. Rasulullah saw. bersabda:

«الإِمَامُ رَاعٍ وَهُوَ مَسْؤُوْلٌ عَنْ رَعِيَّتِهِ»

Seorang imam (khalifah/kepala negara) adalah pemelihara dan pengatur urusan rakyat dan ia akan dimintai pertanggung jawaban atas urusan rakyatnya. (HR al-Bukhari dan Muslim).


Dana, Sarana, dan Prasarana

Setiap kegiatan pendidikan harus dilengkapi dengan sarana-sarana fisik yang mendorong terlaksananya program dan kegiatan tersebut sesuai dengan kreativitas, daya cipta, dan kebutuhan. Sarana itu dapat berupa buku-buku pelajaran, sekolah/kampus, asrama siswa, perpustakaan, laboratorium, toko-toko buku, ruang seminar-audiotorium tempat dilakukan aktivitas diskusi, majalah, surat kabar, radio, televisi, kaset, komputer, internet, dan lain sebagainya. Dengan demikian, majunya sarana-sarana pendidikan dalam kerangka untuk mencerdaskan umat menjadi kewajiban negara untuk menyediakannya. Negara, paling tidak harus:

1. Membangun banyak perpustakaan umum, laboratorium, dan sarana umum lainnya di luar yang dimiliki sekolah dan PT untuk memudahkan para siswa melakukan kegiatan penelitian dalam berbagai bidang ilmu, baik ilmu agama maupun ilmu umum.

2. Mendorong pendirian toko-toko buku dan perpustakaan pribadi. Negara juga menyediakan asrama, pelayanan kesehatan siswa, perpustakaan, laboratorium sekolah, beasiswa bulanan yang mencukupi kebutuhan siswa sehari-hari. Keseluruhan itu dimaksudkan agar perhatian para siswa tercurah pada ilmu pengetahuan yang digelutinya sehingga terdorong untuk mengembangkan kreativitas dan daya ciptanya.

3. Mendorong para pemilik toko buku untuk memiliki ruangan khusus pengkajian dan diskusi yang dipandu oleh seorang alim/ilmuwan; mendorong para pemilik perpustakaan pribadi didorong memiliki buku-buku terbaru, mengikuti diskusi karya para ulama dan hasil penelitian ilmiah cendekiawan.

4. Menyediakan sarana pendidikan lain, seperti radio, televisi, surat kabar, majalah, dan penerbitan yang dapat dimanfaatkan siapa saja tanpa musti ada izin negara.

5. Mengizinkan masyarakat untuk menerbitkan buku, surat kabar, majalah, mengudarakan radio dan televisewalaupun tidak berbahasa Arab, tetapi siaran radio dan televisi negara harus berbahasa Arab.

6. Melarang jual-beli dan ekspor-impor buku, majalah, surat kabar yang memuat bacaan dan gambar yang bertentangan dengan nilai-nilai Islam; termasuk melarang acara televisi, radio, dan bioskop yang bertentangan dengan nilai-nilai Islam.

7. Menjatuhkan sanksi kepada orang atau sekelompok orang yang mengarang suatu tulisan yang bertentangan dnegan Islam, lalu dimuat di surat kabar dan majalah.

8. Melarang seluruh surat kabar dan majalah, pemancar radio dan televisi yang sifatnya rutin milik orang asing beredar dalam wilayah Khilafah Islamiyah. Hanya saja, buku-buku ilmiah yang berasal dari luar negeri dapat beredar setelah diyakini di dalamnya tidak membawa pemikiran-pemikiran yang bertentangan dengan Islam.


Berdasarkan sirah Nabi saw. dan tarikh Daulah Khilafah Islam (Al-Baghdadi, 1996), negara memberikan jaminan pendidikan secara gratis dan kesempatan seluas-luasnya bagi seluruh warga negara untuk melanjutkan pendidikan ke tahapan yang lebih tinggi dengan fasilitas (sarana dan prasarana) yang disediakan negara. Kesejahteraan dan gaji para pendidik sangat diperhatikan dan merupakan beban negara yang diambil dari kas Baitul Mal. Sistem pendidikan bebas biaya tersebut didasarkan pada Ijma Sahabat yang memberikan gaji kepada para pendidik dari Baitul Mal dengan jumlah tertentu. Contoh praktisnya adalah Madrasah al-Muntashiriah yang didirikan Khalifah al-Muntahsir Billah di kota Baghdad. Di sekolah ini setiap siswa menerima beasiswa berupa emas seharga satu dinar (4,25 gram emas). Kehidupan keseharian mereka dijamin sepenuhnya oleh negara. Fasilitas sekolah disediakan seperti perpustakaan beserta isinya, rumah sakit, dan pemandian. Begitu pula dengan Madrasah an-Nuriah di Damaskus yang didirikan pada abad 6 H oleh Khalifah Sultan Nuruddin Muhammad Zanky. Di sekolah ini terdapat fasilitas lain seperti asrama siswa, perumahan staf pengajar, tempat peristirahatan, para pelayan, serta ruangan besar untuk ceramah dan diskusi.

Seputar Perlindungan Hak Cipta

Dalam Islam, kepemilikan secara umum diartikan sebagai izin Asy-Syâri‘ (Allah) untuk memanfaatkan barang. Karena itu, hak untuk memiliki sesuatu tidak muncul dari sesuatu itu sendiri atau manfaatnya, tetapi dari izin syariat yang membolehkan seseorang untuk memilikinya sesuai dengan sebab-sebab syar‘î, seperti jual-beli dan hadiah.

Islam telah memberikan kekuasaan kepada individu atas apa yang dimilikinya, yang memungkinkan ia dapat memanfaatkannya sesuai dengan hukum syariat. Islam juga telah mewajibkan negara agar memberikan perlindungan atas kepemilikan individu dan menjatuhkan sanksi bagi setiap orang yang melanggar kepemilikan orang lain.

Mengenai kepemilikan atas pemikiran baru, ada dua jenis dari kepemilikan individu:

(1) Sesuatu yang terindera & teraba, seperti merk dagang dan buku.

(2) Sesuatu yang terindera tetapi tidak teraba, seperti pandangan ilmiah dan pemikiran jenius yang tersimpan dalam otak seorang pakar.

Apabila kepemilikan tersebut berupa kepemilikan jenis pertama, seperti merk dagang yang mubah, seorang individu boleh memilikinya serta memanfaatkannya dengan cara mengusahakan atau menjualbelikannya. Negara wajib menjaga hak individu tersebut, sehingga memungkinkan baginya untuk mengelola dan mencegah orang lain untuk melanggar hak-haknya. Dalam Islam, merk dagang memiliki nilai material, karena keberadaannya sebagai salah satu bentuk perniagaan yang diperbolehkan secara syar‘î. Merk dagang adalah label product yang dibuat oleh pedagang atau industriawan bagi produk-produknya untuk membedakan dengan produk yang lain, yang dapat membantu para pembeli dan konsumen untuk mengenal produknya. Definisi ini tidak mencakup merk-merk dagang yang sudah tidak digunakan lagi. Sebab, nilai merk dagang dihasilkan dari keberadaanya sebagai bagian dari aktivitas perdagangan secara langsung. Seseorang boleh menjual merk dagangnya. Jika ia telah menjual kepada orang lain, manfaat dan pengelolaannya berpindah kepada pemilik baru.

Adapun mengenai kepemilikan fikriyyah, yaitu jenis kepemilikan kedua, seperti pandangan ilmiah atau pemikiran brilian, yang belum ditulis pemiliknya dalam kertas, belum direkamnya dalam disket atau pita kaset, maka semua itu adalah milik individu bagi pemiliknya. Ia boleh menjual atau mengajarkannya kepada orang lain, jika hasil pemikirannya tersebut memiliki nilai menurut pandangan Islam. Jika hal ini dilakukan, orang yang mendapatkannya dengan sebab-sebab syar‘î boleh mengelolanya tanpa terikat dengan pemilik pertama, sesuai dengan hukum-hukum Islam. Hukum ini juga berlaku bagi semua orang yang membeli buku, disket, atau pita kaset yang mengandung materi pemikiran, baik pemikiran ilmiah ataupun sastra; ia berhak untuk membaca dan memanfaatkan informasi-informasi yang ada di dalamnya; ia juga berhak mengelolanya, baik dengan cara menyalin, menjual atau menghadiahkannya. Namun demikian, ia tidak boleh mengatasnamakan (menasabkan) penemuan tersebut pada selain pemiliknya. Sebab, pengatasnamaan kepada selain pemiliknya adalah kedustaan dan penipuan yang diharamkan secara syar‘î. Karena itu, hak perlindungan atas kepemilikan fikriyyah merupakan hak yang bersifat maknawi, yang hak pengatasnamaannya dimiliki oleh pemiliknya. Orang lain boleh memanfaatkannya tanpa seizin dari pemiliknya. Jadi, hak maknawi ini hakikatnya digunakan untuk meraih nilai akhlak.

Karena itu, secara syar‘î tidak boleh ada syarat-syarat hak cetak, menyalin, atau proteksi atas suatu penemuan. Setiap individu berhak atas hal itu (memanfaatkan produk-produk intelektual). Pemikir, ilmuwan, atau penemu suatu program, mereka berhak memiliki pengetahuannya selama pengetahuan tersebut adalah miliknya dan tidak diajarkan kepada orang lain. Adapun setelah mereka memberikan ilmunya kepada orang lain dengan cara mengajarkan, menjualnya, atau dengan cara lain, maka ilmunya tidak lagi menjadi miliknya lagi. Dalam hal ini, kepemilikinnya telah hilang dengan dijualnya ilmu tersebut sehingga mereka tidak berwenang melarang orang lain untuk memanfaatkannya, yaitu setelah ilmu tersebut berpindah kepada orang lain dengan sebab-sebab syar‘î, seperti dengan jual-beli atau yang lainnya.

Paradigma, Tujuan dan Kurikulum Sistem Pendidikan Islam
under arsip copypaste


ada baiknya anda juga membaca

  1. Catatan Kritis Pelaksanaan Hukum di Indonesia, yang tidak memihak pada rakyat kecil 
  2. Makalah Agama: Tidak Ada Paksaan Untuk (Memasuki) Agama (Islam) 
  3. Makalah agama: Metode Islam dalam Menjamin Kesejahteraan untuk semua umat 
  4. contoh pidato khutbah jum'at menyambut maulid nabi Muhammad SAW 
  5. sample speech for the celebration of Valentine's Day of 2012


 
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